204181:Signals and Systems
Teaching scheme: Examination Scheme:
Lectures:4hrs/week Paper :100 Marks
Tutorial:-1 hr/week Oral: 50 Marks
Unit 1:
Introduction to signals and systems
Definition of signal, Classification of signals, Continuous and Discrete time, Analog & Digital, Periodic & Non-periodic, Deterministic and non-deterministic, Energy & Power.
Basic Signals & Operations on signals, Sine, Cosine, Exponential, Unit step, Unit Impulse.
Sum, Product , difference, even ,odd. Time shifting, time scaling, Differentiation and integration.
Systems: Definition, Classification, Linear & Non-linear, Time variant and time invariant, Causal & Non-Causal, Static & dynamic, Stability.
System Analysis
Introduction to LTI systems. Block Diagram & System Terminology. Convolution Integral. Impulse response. Convolution & Methods of Convolution. Properties of convolution, System interconnections, stability & impulse response of systems to standard signals.
Continuous Time System & Discrete Time System Analysis
Response of LTI systems to exponential signals, periodic signals. Fourier series ,Fourier transforms, properties , application of Fourier series & Fourier transforms to the system analysis.
Analysis of DTS (Discrete Time Systems)
Response of LTI systems to exponential discrete signals, Discrete time Fourier series, Discrete Fourier transforms and its properties.
Laplace Transforms
Definition and its properties, methods of inversion, application to LTI system analysis.
Definition and properties, significance of ROC, inversion of Z-transforms, applications to LTI system analysis.
Introduction, Correlation & Correlogram, The correlation function: Conceptual basis, Energy signals, power signals, Auto-correlation: Relation to signal energy and signal power, Properties of auto-correlation, Cross-correlation: Properties of cross-correlation, Correlation of Fourier Series, Energy Spectral density: Definition & Derivation of ESD, Effects of system on ESD, The ESD concept, Relation of ESD to auto-correlation, Power Spectral density: Definition and derivation of PSD, Effects of system on PSD, The PSD concept, Relation of PSD to auto-correlation, Sampling Theorem and its proof , effects of under sampling, sampling of band pass signals.
Sample space, Event, Probability, Conditional Probability and statistical independence. Random Variables, Discrete Random Variable, Cumulative Distributive Function, Continuous Random Variable, Probability Density Function, Properties of CDF and PDF.
Transformation of random variables, Statistical averages, Mean, Moments and expectations, Standard Deviation and Variance, Chebyshev inequality, Multivariate expectations. Probability models, Binomial, Poissons, Gaussian, Rayleigh. Random Process, Ensemble averages and correlation functions, Ergodic and stationary process, Gaussian process. Random signals, power spectral density, auto-correlation, Superposition and Modulation, Filtered Random signals.
Reference Books
List of assignments (Any seven):
1) Study characteristics & features of following signals in continuous time (CT) & discrete time (DT) domain signals: impulse, step, ramp, sine, cosine, exponential characteristics & features: periodic / non periodic, even / odd symmetric, random /deterministic energy / power real, complex etc.
2) Simple signal processing operations: sum, product, difference, scaling, even / odd, time shifting & time scaling, differentiation & integration
3) Study various types of systems in CT / DT domains on the basis of linearity / non-linearity, time in variance, memory less, stability, casualty etc.
4) Study of characteristics of systems in terms of input –output relationship, convolution integral/sum, differential / difference equation.
5) Fourier transform evaluation for following signals:
i) Gate function (rectangular pulse)
ii) Gaussian function
Both amplitude & phase spectra
6) To verify properties of Fourier transform such as:
i) Scaling
ii) Symmetry
iii) Modulation
iv) Time shifting
7) a) Analysis of typical signals using Laplace transform
b)Solution of typical differential equations using Laplace transform (with initial conditions)
8) Evaluation of Z transform for causal / Non –causal and Infinite /finite duration Discrete Time signals.
9) Evaluation of Inverse Z transform using different methods.
10) Advanced signal processing operations:
i. Auto-correlation and cross correlation
ii. Covariance
iii. Energy and Power spectral density
----x-----x----x---x----x-----x-----x----x----x---x-----x------x-----x-----x-----x-----x-----x---
Lectures - 4 hrs /week Paper –100 marks
Practicals – 2hrs/week Practical – 50 marks
UNIT 1
Objective – To study how properties of intrinsic semiconductor can be modified by doping so that an array of useful semiconductors can be fabricated.
Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, Conduction mechanism in extrinsic semiconductors, Carrier concentrations, Drift and diffusion mechanisms, Drift and diffusion current densities, Excess carriers, Recombination process, Mean carrier lifetime, Conductivity, Mobility, Mass action law, Einstein relationship.
Semiconductor materials used in Optoelectronic devices and Modern semiconductor devices and Integrated circuits- GaAs, SiGe, GaAsP
UNIT 2
A brief overview of following types of diodes, their peculiarities and applications –Rectifier, Signal, Switching, Power, Tunnel, Shockley, Gunn, PIN.
Semiconductor P-N junction diode –Open circuited step graded junction, Metallurgical junctions and Ohmic contacts, Depletion region, Barrier potential, Forward and reverse biased diode operation.
V-I characteristic equation of diode (no derivation). Volt equivalent of temperature, Temperature dependence of V-I characteristics, DC load line. Forward and reverse dynamic resistance, Small signal and large signal diode models. Diode data sheet specifications – PIV, IFMSurge, Iav.
Switching diodes – Diode switching times, junction capacitances. (No derivations)
UNIT 3
Objective – To study FET characteristics and other types of FETs in brief.
FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS
An overview of different types of FETs viz. JFET, MOSFET, MESFET. Peculiarities of these types and their application areas.
JFET: JFET construction, Symbol, Basic operation, V-I Characteristics, Transfer Characteristics (Shockley’s Equation), Cut-off & Pinch-off voltages, Transconductance, Input resistance & Capacitance. Drain to Source resistance. Universal JFET bias curve. Biasing arrangements for JFET – Biasing against device variation, biasing for zero current drift. JFET as voltage controlled current source. JFET data sheet specifications – IDSS. Vp, gm, rd, RDS or RD(ON)
JFET Amplifiers: CS, CD, CG amplifiers. Their analysis using small signal JFET model.
UNIT 4
Objective – To study MOSFET characteristics and other types of MOSFETs in brief.
MOSFETs: An overview of following MOSFET types - D-MOSFET, E-MOSFET, Power MOSFET. n-MOS, p-MOS and CMOS devices. Handling precautions for CMOS devices. D and E-MOSFET characteristics & parameters, non-ideal voltage current characteristics viz. Finite output resistance, body effect, sub threshold conduction, breakdown effects and temperature effects. MOSFET Biasing, Introduction to MOSFET as VLSI device.
UNIT 5
Objective – To study BJT characteristics and other types of BJTs in brief.
BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR
An overview of different types of BJTs – Small signal and large signal low frequency types, Switching/RF, Heterojunction types. Peculiarities of these types and their application areas.
BJT Biasing and basic amplifier configurations: Need for biasing BJT, DC analysis of BJT circuits, Typical junction voltages for cutoff, active and saturation regions, Voltage divider bias and its analysis for stability factors, Small signal- low frequency h-parameter model, Variation of h-parameters with operating point, Other small signal models, Derivations for CE configuration for AI, Ri, Ro, Avs, AIS in terms of h-parameters, Comparison of performance parameters with CB and CC configurations in tabular form. Need for multistage amplifiers and suitability of CE, CC and CB configurations in multistage amplifiers. Small signal and DC data sheet specifications for BJT.
UNIT 6
Objective – To study frequency response of FET and BJT amplifiers.
Concept of frequency response, Human ear response to audio frequencies, significance of Octaves and Decades. The decibel unit. Square wave testing of amplifiers. Miller’s theorem. Effect of coupling, bypass, junction and stray capacitances on frequency response for BJT and FET amplifiers. Concept of dominant pole. N stage cascade amplifier, band pass of cascaded stages (effect on frequency response).Concept of GBW. (No derivations)
1) Thomas L. Floyd,- Electronic Devices, - Pearson Education(Sixth edition).
2) Donald A. Neamen,- Electronic circuit analysis & Design, - Tata McGraw Hill (Second Edition)
1) Boylestead Nashelsky ,- Electronic devices and circuits theory ,- PHI
2) Millman Halkies,- Electronic Device & Circuits, Tata McGraw Hill
3) Millman Halkies,- Integrated Electronics, Tata McGraw Hill
4) Millman Grabel ,-Microelectronics, , - Tata McGraw Hill(Second edition).
5) S.Poornachandra Rao , B.Shashikala,- Handbook of Experiments in Electronics & communication engineering ,- Vikas Publishing House.
List of Practicals
1. Drain Characteristics of JFET, Transfer Characteristics of JFET.
Study of Vp, gm, VGS(off), gmo from characteristics.
2. JFET biasing arrangement
Graphical method.
3. Build and Test JFET CS amplifier.
Find performance parameters for JFET amplifier– Av, Ri, Ro.
4.Simulation of JFET CS amplifier .using proteus/multisim/pspice.
Find performance parameters for JFET amplifier– Av, Ri, Ro. Comparison with theoretical results and practical results.
5. Input and Output Characteristics of BJT CE amplifier
Find h parameters from characteristics.
6. Build and Test BJT in CE configuration.
Find performance parameters for BJT CE amplifier– Av, Avs, AI, Ri, Ro.
7. Simulation of BJT CE amplifier. using proteus/multisim/pspice
Find performance parameters for BJT amplifier– Av, Avs, AI, Ri, Ro. Comparison with theoretical results and practical results.
8. Comparison of CE, CC, CB configurations for - Av, Ri, Ro.
9. Frequency response – For BJT and FET single stage amplifiers – Effect of unbypassed RE and RS. Effect of coupling and bypass capacitors on low frequency cut-off.
204183:NETWORK THEORY
Lectures - 4 hrs /week Paper –100 marks
Practicals – 2hrs/week Term Work –25 marks
Simplification & Analysis Techniques (AC & DC circuits)
Sinusoidal steady state. Phasors & phasor diagram. Energy Sources.
Mesh and nodal analysis. Source transformation. Network theorems.
1)Superposition theorem.
2)Thevinins theorem.
3)Nortan’s theorem.
4)Maximum power transfer theorem.
Resonance & applications.
Defination of figure of merit,Q. Series resonance: Current Bandwidth,Impedance,& selectivity in series resonance. Parallel(anti) resonance: Application of resonance ckts including impedance transformation.
Transient Response.
Initial Conditions in elements. A procedure for evaluating initial conditions. Solution of RC ,RL,RLC step response using classical method. Solution of RC, RL, RLC step response using Laplace transform.
Four terminal Networks
Classification of four terminal networks (Symmetrical, Asymmetrical, Balanced & Unbalanced)
Characteristic Impedance & propagation constant for symmetrical Networks. Image & Iterative impedance for symmetrical networks. Filter fundamentals: Constant K type Low pass filter. Constant K type-high pass filter.
Constant K type band pass filter. Constant K type band stop filter. M-derived T and π sections of low pass filter.
Composite Low pass filter.
Attenuators: Introduction. Nepers & decibels. Symmetrical T & π type attenuators.
Network Functions
Terminal pairs and ports. Network functions for one and two port networks.
Poles & zeros of network function. Time domain behavior from pole zero plot.
Two port network parameters.
Introduction. Open ckt.Impedance parameters. Short ckt. Admittance parameters.
Hybrid parameters. Transmission parameters. Inter-relation between Different parameters.
Inter connection of two port networks.
Text Books:-
D. Roy Choudhary ,-Network & System - Wily Eastern( 2nd Edition).
John D.Ryder ,-Network lines & Fields by- (PHI).
M.E. Van Valkenburg ,-Network Analysis ,-PHI(3rd Edition).
Reference Books:-
F.F.kuo,- Network Analysis &Synthesis- John Wiley & sons (2nd Edition).
Hayt & Kimmerly,- Engineering Circuit Analysis- Mcgraw-Hill International..
1. To Verify Thevenin's Theorem.
2. To verify Maximum power transfer (ac and dc).
3. To plot frequency response of frequency selective network (Twin T or Wein bridge)
4. To build & test series and parallel Resonance circuits ( fr, BW, Q calculations).
5. To design constant k LPF and HPF circuits, to plot frequency response
& to find cut off frequency.
6. To design constant k BPF and BSF circuits, to plot frequency response & to find cut off frequencies.
204184:Control Systems
Teaching Scheme: - Examination Scheme:-
Lectures: - 4 Hrs/Week Paper: 100 Marks
Practical: - 2 Hrs/Week Term Work: 25 Marks
1) Introduction to linear & nonlinear control system, Elements of control systems, Open loop & closed loop, feedback & feed forward control systems. (Each control systems will be highlighted with real time applications).
2) Transfer function using block diagram reduction techniques & signal flow graph using Mason’s gain formula.
3) Time domain Analysis of linear control systems . first order & second order system . Error constant, steady state error, transient response specifications.
4) Stability of control system ,Routh-Hurwitz criterion and Root locus technique.
5) Frequency domain analysis, frequency domain specification, Bode plot-Gain margin and phase margin, Mapping theorem and Nyquist Plot.
6) Design of basic lead/lag compensators using Root Locus & Bode Plots.
7) State Variable Representation of control system (SISO, MIMO), conversion of state variable into transfer function and vice versa , solution of state equation, state transition matrix.
8) Capacitance type level, Electromagnetic type flow meter, Piezoelectric type pressure transducer, thermistor, strain gauge, Piezoelectric type accelerometer, photo electric tachometer(pick up) .Signal Conditioning circuits for all above transducers.
Study of Synchros.
9) a)Control actions : On/Off , P, PI, PD, PID .
b)PLC : Architecture , comparison with relay logic.
Ladder Diagrams for
1) Bottle filling plant
2) Elevator control
3) Washing Machine
1) Nagrath and Gopal,-Control Systems.
2) K. Ogata ,-Modern Control Engg.
Reference Books :-
1) Naubart ,-Mechanical Transducers .
2) C.D. Johnson ,-Process Control Instrumentation Technology .
List of Practicals
1) Phasor plot of synchro system(Transmitter –Receiver)
2) Magnitude and phasor plot of lead network.
3) Magnitude and phasor plot of lag network.
4) Transient response of second order system.
5) Verification of ladder diagram using PLC
6) Flow control using PID action.
7) Study of LVDT for displacement measurement.
8) Study of pressure transducer.
9) Unit step and ramp response of the transfer function system using MATLAB.
10) To draw Root locus and Bode plot using MATLAB.
204185:Digital Systems
Teaching Scheme: - Examination Scheme:-
Lectures: - 4Hrs/week Paper: 100 Marks
Practical: - 2Hrs/week Practical: 50 Marks
LOGIC FAMILIES:
Characteristics of Digital ICs: speed, power dissipation, fan-out, fan-in, current and voltage parameters, noise margin and noise immunity, operating temperature, power supply requirement. TTL: standard, totem pole, open collector,tri-state(concept and application), significance of TTL subfamilies (L, H, LS, S),& MOS family importance of (C,HC), , NMOS (Inverter), PMOS (Inverter), CMOS (Inverter, AND and NOR) logic families. TTL & CMOS Interfacing, specifications and comparison of TTL and CMOS. . TTL compatible high speed CMOS series. 6 Hrs
(A) COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUITS:
Binary number system – Signed number representation (1’s, 2’s complement & sign magnitude representation).
Codes- BCD, GRAY, Seven Segment, ASCII, EBCDIC.
Principles of combinational logic: Standard and Canonic forms, don’t care conditions, minimization techniques (K-maps upto 4 variables only), Quine Mc-Cluskey method (4 variables).
Design examples- code converters (binary to gray and gray to binary, BCD to 7 segment, IC 7447, 7448)
Digital comparators (2 – bit, 4- bit using IC 7485), parity generation and checking (IC 74180).
Design methodology using LSI IC’S. Multiplexer, Demultiplexer (Trees), multivariable function implementation using MUX & decoder. Parallel adder (IC 7483), Binary adder - subtractor, BCD adder - subtractor, Look ahead carry generator, arithmetic logic unit (IC 74181).
Programmable Logic Devices: architecture, study of PROM, PAL, PLA, designing combinational circuits using PLDs(code convertion).
Sequential logic circuit:
Study of flip-flop, 1 bit latch, clocked S-R, J-K, M/S J-K, T and D F/F, race around condition, flip-flop truth table, excitation table, flip-flop conversion, flip-flop characteristics.
Design of ripple counter using flip-flop (IC 7490,93), 4-bit up/down (positive / negative edge triggered) counter.
Shift register, modes of operation, 4 bit bi-directional using D/ J-K, universal shift registers, applications of shift register (Ring counter, Sequence generator, Johnson’s counter), IC 7495/74195.
Synchronous sequential machines:
Design of Synchronous counter using IC 74191, 4-bit up/down mod-n counter.
Moore/Mealy M/c’s, representation techniques, state diagrams, state tables, state reduction, state assignment, implementation using flip-flops. Applications like sequence generator and detection.
(A) A/D and D/A converters:
Digital to Analog converters, example of D/A converter IC, Analog to Digital converters, , example of A/D converter IC.
(B) Semiconductor Memories:
Memory organization and operation, expanding memory size, classification and characteristics of memory, RAM, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, NVRAM, SRAM, DRAM.
1. Digital Design III Edition - M. Morris Mano
2. Modern Digital Electronics - R.P.Jain
Reference Books:
1. Digital Systems - Tocci (PHI)
2. Digital Electronics - Gothman(PHI)
3. Digital logic and computer design - Morris Mano (PHI)
4. Designing with TTL Ics - Texas Instruments (Mc-Graw Hill)
5. Principals of computer hardware - Alan Clements (Oxford)
1.Verification of parameters and transfer characteristics of 74LS and 74HC family
2.Verification of TTL –CMOS/CMOS-TTL interfacing.
3.Code convertion using Logic gates :
BCD to Binary
BCD to Gray
Gray to BCD
4.Design and implementation of 2-bit digital comparator using logic gates and functional verification of 4-bit digital comparator IC 7485 .
5.Design and implementation of 1 digit BCD adder using IC 7483 .
6.A) Verification of functionality of multiplexer and demultiplexer ICS
B) Design and implement combinational function using multiplexer and demultiplexer
7.A)Design and implementation of three bit bi-directional shift register using D F/F.
B)Design and implementation of Johnson counter using above shift register.
8.A) Functional verification of universal shift register IC 7495/ 194.
B) Design and implementation of pulse train generator using above IC.
9. Design and implementation of 3 bit up down ripple counter using F/F.
10. Functional verification of ripple counter IC 7490 and synchronous counter IC 7491 (mod n operation)
11.Design of synchronous sequence generator using M/S JK F/F (minimum 2 expts must be conducted by using 74HCT/HC, 40Xx series of ICs)
12. Verification of DAC using R/2R method .
204186: Electronics Hardware Workshop.
Teaching scheme: Examination scheme:
Practice : 2 hrs/week Term Work: 50 Marks
Objective:
1. Study of passive components: - Specifications, application and simple testing procedure and study of IEEE symbols for components/devices.
2. Study of active components like Diodes, Transistors, SCR etc, study using data sheets and simple testing procedures. Use of analog multimeter & DMM.
3.Explain and demonstrate various types of PCB materials and all types of PCBs like single sided, double sided, multiplayer & flexible etc.
(a) Overview of PCB design & fabrication.
(b) Make a single sided PCB for a simple circuit such as two-stage transistor amplifier/discrete voltage regulator.
Do not use computer for artwork. Manual layout is expected.
4. Soldering practice should be carried out for the above circuit diagram on general purpose PCB and fabricated PCB and test the same.
5. To learn specifications & front panel controls of Dual trace oscilloscope for measurement of waveform parameters.
6. To learn & use signal generator, power supply and Digital multimeter. To understand specifications, precautions, and limitations for measurement.
7. Build & test a digital circuit on general purpose PCB using digital Ics and verify logic levels.
NOTE:
1) Soldering gun /station
2) Multimeter
3) Cutter
4) Noseplier
5) Desoldering strip/gun
1) J.A.Sam Wilson, Joseph A.Risse Electronic Troubleshooting and Servicing Techniques. Thomson Learning.
2) W.Bosshart, PCB Design and fabrication, PHI.
Lectures - 4 hrs /week Paper –100 marks
Practicals – 2hrs/week Practical –50 marks
Term Work-25 marks
UNIT 1
Objective: To study diode and MOSFET applications
DIODE APPLICATIONS –
Voltage multiplier circuits: Working and comparison of voltage doubler, tripler and voltage quadrupler configurations. Limitations of voltage multiplier circuits. Effect of frequency on load regulation.
Clipping and clamping circuits: Series and parallel forms of clipping circuits, Biased clipper, their operation and transfer characteristics. Clamping circuits.
MOSFET APPLICATIONS:
MOSFET in VLSI: V-I characteristic equation in terms of W/L ratio, MOSFET scaling and small geometry effects, MOSFET capacitances. Modeling MOS transistors using SPICE. CMOS inverter, Static characteristics – Noise margin, threshold voltage, Layout and latch-up prevention, Other logic gates- NAND and NOR gates. [8L]
UNIT 2
Objective: To study POWER MOSFET and POWER BJT devices and their data sheet specifications.
POWER MOSFET: Construction- Lateral double diffused MOSFET, VMOSFET. Drive requirements, Comparison with power BJT. One example of drive circuit for POWER MOSFET.
POWER BJT: Power BJT construction, Data sheet specifications, Thermal resistance, Second breakdown, Safe operating area (SOA), Thermal runaway, BJT as a switch in display and relay drive applications, Drive considerations, Anti saturation circuits, Comparison with POWER MOSFET
Objective: To study BJT power amplifiers.
Large signal AF BJT amplifiers: Block schematic of AF amplifier.
Classes of power amplifiers – Class A, Class B, Class AB. An overview and applications of Class C and Class D amplifiers. Class A with resistive load, Transformer coupled class A amplifier, Class B Push-pull, Class AB, Complementary symmetry and Quasi-complementary configurations. Efficiency analyses for Class A transformer coupled amplifier, Class B push-Pull amplifiers. Comparison of efficiencies of other configurations. Distortions in amplifiers, concept of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD).
Objective: To study BJT high frequency applications.
High frequency, small signal BJT amplifiers: Behavior of transistor at high frequencies. Modified T equivalent circuit. High frequency hybrid p CE amplifier model. CE short circuit current gains for T and hybrid p models. Definitions and derivations for fa, fb and fT. Amplifier bandwidth taking into account source and load resistances. Techniques to improve bandwidth. Single tuned, Double tuned and stagger tuned amplifiers. Unloaded and loaded Q. Effect of staggering on bandwidth (no derivations).
Objective: To study concepts of negative and positive feedback and oscillator circuits.
FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS AND OSCILLATORS: Concept of feedback. Negative and positive feedback. Classification of amplifiers based on feedback topology. (Voltage, Current, Transconductance and Transresistance amplifiers). Transfer gain with feedback. Advantaged and disadvantages of negative feedback. Effect of feedback on input and output impedances and bandwidth of an amplifier. Analysis of one circuit for each feedback topology.
OSCILLATORS: Oscillator startup mechanism, need for amplitude limiting. Study of following oscillator circuits (using FET) – (Derivations not expected)
LC oscillators – General form of LC oscillator. Hartley oscillator, Colpitts oscillator, Clapp oscillator.
Crystal oscillator, Crystal clock
Thomas L. Floyd ,-Electronic Devices, - Pearson Education(Sixth edition).
Donald A. Neamen - Electronic circuit analysis & Design,- Tata McGraw Hill(Second Edition)
Mark N. Horenstein - Microelectronic Circuits & Devices,- Prentice Hall(Second Edition).
Millman Halkies,- Electronic Devices & Circuits,- Tata McGraw Hill
Millman Halkies - Integrated Electronics,- Tata McGraw Hill
Chryssis - Switched mode power supplies
Pucknell - Basic VLSI design ,– PHI
Reinhold Ludwig and Pavel Bretchko - RF circuit design- Theory and applications , Pearson education.
207003: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-III
Teaching scheme: Examination scheme:
Lectures: 4 hrs/week. Paper: 100 marks.
Duration: 3 hrs.
Unit I: Linear differential equation (LDE) (08 Hours)
General nth order LDE. Solution of n th order LDE with constant coefficient. PI by variation of parameters. Cauchy’s & Legendre’s DE. Solution of Simultaneous and Symmetric Simultaneous DE. Application to electrical circuits.
Unit II: Complex variables (08 Hours)
Functions of complex variables, analytic functions, C-R equations, Conformal mapping, Bilinear transformation, Residue theorem, Cauchy’s Integral theorem and Cauchy’s Integral formula (without proofs).
Unit III: Transforms (10 Hours)
Fourier Transform (FT): Fourier integral theorem. Sine and Cosine integrals.
Fourier Transform, Fourier Cosine Transform, Fourier Sine Transforms and their inverses. Problems on wave equation.
Introductory Z Transform (ZT): Definition, Std. Properties (without proof), ZT of std. Sequences and Inverse. Solution of simple difference equations.
Unit IV: Laplace Transform (LT) (10 Hours)
Definition of LT, Inverse LT. Properties & theorems. LT of standard functions. LT of some special functions viz.error, 1st order Bessel’s, Periodic, Unit Step, Unit Impulse and ramp. Problem on finding LT & inverse LT. Applications of LT for solving ordinary differential equations.
Unit V: Vector Calculus (08 Hours)
Vector Differentiation & its physical interpretation. Vector differential operator. Gradient, Divergence & Curl. Directional derivative. Vector identities.
Unit VI: Vector Analysis (08 Hours)
Line, Surface & Volume integrals. Conservative, Irrotational & solenoidal fields. Scalar potential. Gauss, Stroke’s and Green’s theorems (without proof). Applications to problems in Electromagnetic fields.
3. Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Wylie C.R & Barrett L.C (McGraw-Hill, Inc.)
4. Higher Engineering Mathematics by B.S. Grewal (Khanna Publication, Delhi)
5. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 2e, by M.D. Greenberg (Pearson Education).
6. Engineering Mathematics by B.V. Raman ( Tata McGraw-Hill).
7. Applied Mathematics (Volumes I and II) by P.N Wartikar & J.N. Wartikar
(Pune Vidyarthi Griha Prakashan, Pune).
8. Advanced Engineering Mathematics with MATLAB, 2e, by Thomas L. Harman, James Dabney and Norman Richert (Brooks/Cole, Thomson Learning).
Electrical Circuits and Machines
Teaching scheme: Examination scheme:
Lectures: 04 Paper: 100 marks.
Practicals : 02 Term Work: 25 Marks
Course objectives:
Unit 1: Transformers
Single-phase transformers: Ideal & Practical Transformers, Equivalent circuit, Determination of transformer parameters (O.C and S.C tests), Efficiency and regulation of transformer,
Design of Single phase transformer for instrument power supply.
Coupled circuit.
Special transformer: (Theoretical treatment only) Auto transformer, current transformer, induction heating transformers, isolation transformers, ferrite core transformer, Welding transformer, Phase shift transform
er, Three phase transformer, Star/Delta, Delta/Star, Application of each Type.
Unit 2: DC Machines
DC Generator: Construction, Types, role of commutator, induced emf equation, characteristics and applications.
DC Motors: Operation, types, losses, basic equations of DC Motors, Torque-speed characteristics, Speed control methods, speed regulation, starters (manual, electronic), braking, and applications.
Unit 3: Active, Reactive and Apparent Power
Instantaneous power, active power, reactive power, Power factor, distinction between active and reactive power, combined active and reactive loads (apparent power). Measurement and Calculation of active, reactive power and power factor in 3 f balanced circuit using Two Wattmeter and One Wattmeter.
Measurement of 1 f and 3 f power using CT and PT.
Electronic meters for energy measurement.
Introduction to energy audit.
Unit 4: Three phase Induction Motors
Construction, operation, types, equivalent circuit, torque-slip characteristics, slip and torque equations, max torque, starting torque, full load torque, condition for max torque, power flow diagram, starters for IM (manual and soft starters). Introduction to speed control, braking, protection circuits (e.g. single phase preventer, ELCB, MCB) and applications.
Unit 5: Synchronous machines
Synchronous Generators: Construction, types (rotating field & rotating armature), Synchronous speed and emf equation. Coil span factor and distribution factor (derivation not expected). Alternator on no load and on load.Armature reaction in 3-phase alternators, Regulation of alternator by synchronous impedance method. Synchronous motors: - Construction, operation, effect of variation of load, Hunting, V curves, Starting methods, Synchronous Condenser, applications.
Unit 6: Special purpose machines
Principle of operation, working, types and applications of: single phase IM, universal motors, reluctance motor, stepper motors, AC & DC servo motors.
Text Books:
1. Guru, Hiziroglu -Electric Machinery & Transformers,- Oxford university Press
2. H. Cotton -Electrical Technology
Reference Books:
1. Fitzgerald -Electric Machinery- TMH (Sixth Edition).
2. Theodore Wildi-Electrical machines, Drives & Power systems- Pearson Education.
3. Nagrath Kothari - Electric Machines- TMH
4. Irving Kosow - Electrical Machinery and transformers.
List of Experiments (Any Eight)
1. Speed control of DC Shunt motor.
2. Load test on D.C. shunt motor.
3. Load test on D.C. Series motor.
4. Power measurement in 3-phase circuit by two-wattmeter method.
5. Reactive power measurement in 3-phase circuit by one-wattmeter method.
6. O.C & S.C test on single-phase transformer.
7. Load test on 3-phase Induction motor.
8. Study of IM starters.
9. Direct loading on alternator.
10. O.C & S.C test on Alternators.
11. V curves of synchronous motor.
12. Study of stepper motor.
Teaching Scheme: - Examination Scheme:-
Lectures: - 4 Hrs / Week Theory: 100 Marks
Practical: - 2 Hrs / Week Practical: 50 Marks
Learning Objectives:
1. Study the representation and use of primitive data types, built in data structures.
2. Study how the data structures in the topic list are allocated and used in memory and study common applications of each.
3. Implement the user defined data structures in a high level language.
4. Compare alternative implementations of data structures with respect to performance.
5. Compare and contrast the cost and benefits of dynamic and static data structures implementations.
6. Choose the appropriate data structures for modeling a given problems.
Unit – I
Review of ‘C’:
Arrays, Pointers: arrays and pointers
Functions: Parameter passing call by value and call by reference, scope rules, concept of recursion and recursive functions, functions and pointers.
Structure and Union: Passing and returning structure and union as parameter for function structure / union and pointer.
Input / Output Files: Concept, file operations, types: sequential & random access files.
Unit – II
Introduction to data structures:
Overview - algorithm, data structure, how to create a program, how to analyze the program. Abstract Data Types.
Concept of sequential organization, concept of linear and non linear data structure, arrays as ADT, storage representations (row major and column major). Concept of ordered list & polynomial representation using arrays.
Searching and sorting techniques:
Searching: Basic search techniques, sequential searching, binary search, indexed sequential search. Analysis of these algorithms.
Sorting: General background, bubble sort, quick sort, selection sort , insertion sort & merge sort .Analysis of these algorithms.
Hash Tables: Introduction, hashing functions, overflow/collision Handling.
Linear Data structure using linked organization:
Concept of link organization. Singly linked list, doubly linked list, Circular linked list. Insertion, deletion & traversal on above data structures. Representation & manipulation of polynomials using linked list.
Generalized lists: Representation of polynomial using generalized list..
Unit – IV
Stack: Definition & examples, representing stack in C, implementing stack using linked list. Example: infix, post fix and prefix (basic definition and examples, evaluating postfix expressions, program to evaluate postfix expression , converting infix to postfix expression , program to convert infix to postfix. )
Queues: The queue and its sequential representation, linked implementation of queues, circular queue, concept of priority queue.
Unit- V
Trees: Basic terminology, binary trees, binary tree representation ,binary tree traversal, primitive operations on binary trees, Binary search trees-primitive operations on binary search trees, Threaded binary trees, traversal of threaded binary tree.
Unit –VI
Graphs: Concepts and terminology, Representation of graphs using adjacency matrix,adjacency list. Traversal: Depth first search Breath First Search.Algorithms for minimal spanning tree and shortest path.
Text Books:
1. Yedidyah Langsam, Moshe J Augenstein, Aaron M Tenenbaum,- Data structures using C and C++ ,- PHI publications.( 2nd Edition )
2. Ellis Horowitz, Sataraj Sahni- Fundamentals of Data Structures-,Galotia Books source.
Reference books:
1 Brain W Kernighan and Deniss M Ritchie- The programming Language- PHI publications.
2. Robert L Kruse- Data structures & program design - PHI publications. ( 3rd Edition)
1) a)Program to create & manipulate database using structure.
b)Program to add two polynomials using array of structure.
2) Program to implement primitive operations on Sequential file.
3) a) Program to search for a record from a given list of records stored in an
array using,
i)Linear Search ii) Binary Search.
4) Program to sort an array of names using
i)Bubble Sort ii) Insertion Sort iii) Quick Sort.
5) a) Program to implement following operations on singly linked list:
i)Create ii)Delete iii)Insert iv)Display v)Search.
b) Program to add two polynomials using linked list.
6) a) Program to implement stack using : i)Array ii) Linked List.
b) Program to Convert an infix expression to postfix expression & evaluate the resultant expression.
7) Program to Implement Queue using: i)Array ii)Linked List.
8) Program to create a Binary Search Tree & Perform following primitive
operations on it:
i)Search ii) Delete iii) Traversals( inorder, preorder, postorder -
recursive) and
iv) Non –recursive in-order traversal
9) Program to create a graph using adjacency matrix/ adjacency list & traverse it using BFS & DFS methods.
ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Teaching Scheme: Examination Scheme:
Lectures: 04 Hrs/week Paper: 100 Marks
Practical:- 02 Hrs/week Oral: 50 Marks
Block Schematic of Communication System,Base Band Signals and their bandwidth requirements, RF Bands, Types of Communication Channels (Transmission Lines, Parallel wires, Co-axial Cables, Waveguides and Optical Fiber). Necessity of Modulation, Types of Modulation: AM, FM, PM and Pulse Modulation.
Block Schematic of PAM, PWM, PPM.
Multiplexing: TDM, FDM.
UNIT:2
Mathematical treatment and expression for AM, Frequency Spectrum, Modulation Index, Power Relation as applied to Sinusoidal Signals, Representation of AM wave, Mathematical treatment as applied to general signals in Communication, Generation of AM using non-linear property.
Types of AM Transmitters: DSB-FC, DSB-SC, SSB, ISB & VSB, their generation methods and Comparison in terms of Bandwidth and Transmission Power requirements & Complexity (Block diagram Treatment only).
Mathematical analysis of FM and PM using Sinusoidal Signals, Frequency Spectrum, Mathematical treatment as applied to general non-sinusoidal Signals, Modulation Index, Bandwidth requirements(all three relations), Narrowband and Wideband FM, Comparison of FM and PM, Direct and Indirect methods of FM generation, Need for Pre-emphasis, Comparison of AM and FM.
Block diagram of AM and FM Receivers, Super heterodyne Receiver, Performance characteristics: Sensitivity, Selectivity, Fidelity, Image Frequency Rejection, IFRR, Tracking, De-emphasis, Mixers.
AM Detection: Envelope detection, Synchronous detection, Practical diode detection, AGC. SSB and DSB detection methods.
FM Detection: Phase discriminator and Ratio Detector, Mathematical analysis of FM Detection.
Sources of Noise, Types of Noise, White Noise, SNR, Noise Figure, Noise Temperature, Friss formula for Noise Figure, Noise Bandwidth, Performance of AM ( DSB, SSB & VSB) and FM in presence of Noise: Mathematical treatment.
RADIATION AND PROPAGATION:
Concept of Radiation, Basic Antenna System (Dipole), Antenna parameters, Yagi-Antennas. Mechanism of Propagations: Ground Wave, Sky Wave, Space Wave, Duct, Tropospheric Scatter and Extraterrestrial Propagation. Concept of Fading and diversity reception.
Text Books:
1) B.P Lathi : Modern Digital and analog communication Systems : Oxford Press Publication.
2) Kennedy & Devis, -Electronic Communication Systems-PHI
Reference Books:
1) Dennis Roddy & Coolen, -Electronic Communication,- PHI
2) Proakis And Salehi, -Communication Systems Engineering,- Pearson.
3) Louis Frenzel - Communication Electronics - TMH
List of Practicals
1. Study of AM Generation (DSB-FC).
2. Study of AM transmitter using Spectrum Analyzer.
3. Study of Envelope Detector - practical diode detector.
4. Study of FM Generation.
5. Study of FM Transmitter using Spectrum Analyzer.
6. Study of FM detection – Ratio Detector.
7. Measurement of Receiver Characteristics: Sensitivity, Selectivity, Fidelity.
8. Study of DSB-SC & SSB Generator using Spectrum Analyser.
9. Study of DSB-SC & SSB Detector.
10. Measurement of Antenna radiation pattern for different antennas.
Electronics Software Workshop.
Teaching scheme: Examination scheme:
Tutorial : 1 hr/week
Practical : 2 hrs/week Term Work: 50 marks
Objective:
To make the students aware of:
1) Programming practice in C for numerical methods.
2) use of application specific software tools in the design, development, simulation and testing of electronic circuits.
3) Use of mathematical software packages for understanding and modeling electrical signals and linear systems.
Section A: Numerical computational techniques:
Instructions of following techniques assisted by C program/ function implementation of atleast three of them is expected
Solution of thanscendentan and polynomial equations, Bisection method, Newton-Raphson, Secant, Successive methods, solution of linear equations using Gauss-elimination, Gauss-jordan methods, Newton’s forward and Backward difference equations, Interpolation, Numerical Integration and Differentiation:Trapezoidal rule Simpson’s 1/3 and 3/8 rule, Euler’s method .
List of suggested assignments:
1) Program to solve numerical method; Bisection method, Newton Raphson method using user defined functions.Functions should incorporate parameter passing techniques.
2) Program using Function to solve Differential Equations by Euler’s modified method.
3) Program using Function to find integration by Simpson’s 1/3 rd and 3/8 th method.
Section B: Simulation of typical circuits using Circuit Simulation tools such as pSpice, MultiSim, Simulink, Proteus.
a) Transistorized ciruits.
1) Two stage amplifier.
2) Series regulator
3) Audio Driver/ Audio Power Amplifier
b) IC Based Circuits
1) Sequential Digital Circuits
2) Combinational Logic.
3) Timer circuits.
Section C: MATLAB/OCTAVE 20 SIM based Experiments/ Assignments:
Assignments related to Control Systems, Signal and Systems and Network theory.